Promyelocytic Leukemia a growth of the bone marrow in which there is a deficit of mature blood cells in the myeloid line of cells and a surplus of immature cells called promyelocytes. Promyelocytic leukemia is due to a translocation between chromosomes 15 and 17 which is symbolized t(15;17). This translocation is not a mere indicator of promyelocytic leukemia but the main cause. Promyelocytic leukemia generally comes under the acute form leukemia. It is also termed as acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL).
In 1957, promyelocytic leukemia was first accepted as an individual disease entity. It accounts for 5-10% of cases of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The peak incidence of promyelocytic leukemia is amongst young adults. Promyelocytic leukemia is thought of as a type of AML and is classified as the M3 variant of AML.
Symptoms of promyelocytic leukemia are generally nonspecific and comprise of fatigue, minor infections, or hemorrhagic diathesis. There is usually pancytopenia with anemia, low levels of the granulocytes and monocytes, and low levels of platelets. Transfusion is thus an alternative that can be availed of.
Treatment of promyelocytic leukemia is different from that for all other forms of AML. Majority patients are now treated with all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA). ATRA is a form of “differentiation therapy.” It activates the retinoid receptor RAR and causes the promyeloctes to mature and this deters them from proliferating.
Even though ATRA cannot eliminate the leukemic clone it can stimulate a complete diminution in most patients suffering from promyelocytic leukemia by causing the promyelocytic leukemia -blasts to mature. ATRA is therefore used in combination with chemotherapy including an anthracycline drug.
Chances of survival are better with the combination of ATRA and chemotherapy than chemotherapy alone. This is because ATRA combined with chemotherapy accounts for a slightly higher rate of complete remissions while allowing significantly fewer relapses. Maintenance cure with ATRA, and possibly with low-dose chemotherapy, further reduces the occurrence of relapse. The advent of ATRA therapy has revolutionized the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia and clearly enhanced the prognosis.
Promyelocytic leukemia is connected with a characteristic cellular picture classified as M3 in the French-American-British Classification and responds positively to treatments including retinoids, chemotherapy and, most recently, arsenicals.
Posts Tagged ‘Blood Cells’
Benzene Leukemia Exposure
Benzene exposure has been linked in numerous studies to causing leukemia. Exposure to benzene and the development of leukemia or benzene related leukemia have been highly publicized over the recent years. Statistcs are showing that there are approximatly, 10,000 benzene related leukemia deaths per year in the US alone.
Benzene Information
Benzene is a known carcinogen in humans and causes benzene related cancer. Breathing benzene vapors may cause immediate death and other exposures to the chemical have been linked to various forms of leukemia, most notably Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML).
Interesting Benzene Leukemia Facts
1. The use of benzene as a solvent was banned in the United States more then 20 years ago.
2. Benzene ranks # 6 on the CERCLA Hazerdous Substance List.
3. Almost 300,000 people per year are exposed to benzene in the workplace.
Benzene Leukemia Side Effects
Benzene is a known carcinogen in humans and causes benzene related cancer. Breathing benzene vapors may cause immediate death and other exposures to the chemical have been linked to various forms of leukemia, most notably Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML).
Acute Benzene Side Effects
Acute (short-term) exposure will commonly be associated with the following benzene side effects:
1. Irritation of the eyes and skin
2. Irritation of the nose and throat
3. Dizziness and lightheadedness
4. Headache and vomiting
5. Convulsions and coma
6. Rapid heart beat
7. Sudden death
Chronic Benzene Side Effects
Chronic (long-term) exposure will commonly be associated with the following benzene side effects:
1. Benzene Cancer
2. Leukemia, most notably Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
3. Reproductive harm (teratogen – an agent that can cause malformations of an embryo or fetus)
4. Drying and scaling of the skin
5. Damage to blood cells? aplastic anemia
Is there a medical test to show whether I have been exposed to benzene?
Several tests can show if you have been exposed to benzene. There is test for measuring benzene in the breath; this test must be done shortly after exposure. Benzene can also be measured in the blood, however, since benzene disappears rapidly from the blood, measurements are accurate only for recent exposures.
In the body, benzene is converted to products called metabolites. Certain metabolites can be measured in the urine. However, this test must be done shortly after exposure and is not a reliable indicator of how much benzene you have been exposed to, since the metabolites may be present in urine from other sources.
Other Benzene Leukemia Resources
If you or a family member have been diagnosed with benzene related leukemia there are many helpful resources on the Internet. Most notably, The Leukemia Society and The Benzene Leukemia Orginization.
You have now read Part I of this series on the human body, learning how to build a better understanding and confidence in each of our bodies. Now you will begin to understand that the intelligence that created this body from one cell, the fertilized egg, is still inside doing its job. We tend to think that this intelligence has somehow been lost and is no longer at work.
The body is a collection of systems, each with specific jobs. The lowest of these is the skeletal system that forms the body frame. This frame holds the factory for blood cells, act as an attachment for all muscles, and encases and protects with ribs the vital organs heart and lungs. The skull protects the brain, and the spine protects the spinal cord.
You have other systems with responsibility such as the muscular system that allows for motion of the body, the digestive system that takes nutrients out of the foods we eat to use as fuel, the reproductive system that allows the human body to be reproduced, as well as the endocrine system, renal system, pulmonary system, cardiovascular system, and the nervous system.
The nervous system, you will recall, is the first to develop from the mass of tissues that became you, and comprises the brain and all of the nerves that go out into the body to control, regulate and maintain ALL FUNCTIONS directly or indirectly. (Grey’s Anatomy Medical Text). The body is meant to be healthy and IS healthy as long as everything is functioning as it is suppose to and will only get sick when the normal, natural function of the body is interfered with, which can be sudden as in a trauma, or gradual as in heart disease of the development of cancer, etc.
There are all sorts of medical specialists that take care of your heart (Cardiologist), your bones (Orthopedist), female organs (Gynecologist), or who treat specific diseases like cancer (Oncologist). Then you have non-medical practitioners such as Dentists for your teeth and Podiatrists for your feet and ankles.
Another area of care is Chiropractic, which deals with the spine and, though many look on Chiropractors as back doctors, the specialty deals with the relationship of the nervous system and the balance of the spine in the maintenance and restoration of health, as mentioned earlier, the nervous system is what controls the function of the body and therefore maintains your health when there is no interference due to structural imbalances.
You also have those who try to help the body as Nutritionist, Herbalist, and then the treatment methods that stimulate body function such as in the various techniques in body therapy. From Asia you have acupuncture which uses fine needles to stimulate body function through various points in the body. All of these are available to the informed patient who understands more about how there body is working and the possible conditions that might need attention. Most medical doctors only understand the drugs they give and not other professions, so, referrals to more conservative alternative care are rare.
Now that you have an overview of the body and the areas of care, it must be repeated that it is better to stay healthy than to try to get well. Prevention is always the best approach to health. Prevention in itself can be a little confusing, so we will get to the basics that everyone needs to know. These articles are only meant to get you started, to gather some interest. What you need to do from this point on is to educate yourself and your family. You will need to learn what is available to you and your loved ones through the internet and the many sights offering information. Always look at “opinions” as something everyone has and not always fact. Some opinions are more hype that educational, but I am sure as you read through the material you will discover that for yourself.
Health is the optimum function of the human body. There are several things that can interfere with the body’s function. The most noted is NUTRITION. We all know we need to have good nutrition. Many of us were raised with “eat your vegetables, they’re good for you”, or other such statements. We could write reams of articles, as have already been written, about nutrition and what you should and should not eat. But, for the purpose of these short articles this will not be done. Good nutrition is essential to give the body the “fuel” it needs to operate and to maintain itself.
EXERCISE is the next topic. This is one where people do not do anything (the coach potato) or the fanatic who goes to the gym 7 days a week. There is an old saying that goes back years, “Use it or lose it!”. It is still true today. You need to use the body and keep it active. That does not mean you have to do an hour of workout at the gym, it means that you keep your body active and you use it when you can. If you are inactive and sitting at a computer all the time or someone who is driving all the time (truck driver, bus driver) you are going to have to make the effort to find time to do activities for your body to be healthier.
The more you do the better off your body will be, again I am not saying you have to work out 7 days a week, but you can park a little further away from the mall doors and get more walking in, or take walks after dinner, or enjoy the beach in warm weather, or other physical things. We now have the Wii where you can do exercising in conjunction with your computer. The main thing is to recognize if you are getting enough activity in your life. If you are stiff, if you are overweight, if you are physically weak, you are probably not getting enough.
Other factors for better health are; ENVIRONMENT, REST, POSITIVE MENTAL ATTITUDE, GENETICS, and a BALANCED BODY. Notice that I never mentioned anything about pills, drugs, or such treatment. These are things that should be used only in emergency or as a last result. Again, PREVENTION is the best thing you can do for the body.
To be healthy you need to make sure you are getting the right nutrition and I will let you read many articles on that at your leisure and you need to make sure you are getting the motion in your daily activities. All of this helps the body to work as it was intended. Remember the INNATE intelligence in your body and make sure you are not doing things that interfere with its ability to function as it was designed. You want to make sure you are not abusing the body by forcing it to store more foods (as fat) than it need to be healthy, thus gaining weight that it has to carry around all the time putting stress on your frame and on your various other systems such as your heart.
Since “child obesity” is in the news so much and has been discussed repeatedly in the past several years as this problem became more and more evident, and now with the First Lady Michele Obama taking on the cause, we need to mentions something that is most important. This condition is NOT as disease to be treated medically, but a CHOICE that is made (a bad choice) and what has to be done is to make better choices, by the child and most important by the parents. If your child is mimicking you and you are way over weight as we see so often with heavy set families, there needs to be an all out effort for all effort to make better choices; in what you buy, in what you cook, and in the proportions you serve.
What we are trying to get the reader to understand it the responsibility of taking care of the body so it can do what it is suppose to do and that is to maintain your health. You see… the body maintains its health if you do not interfere with bad nutrition, lack of muscular activity, stress, repetitive traumas, toxic environment, or a body that has been traumatized and is not in balance as it should be, this interfering with the nervous system and the function that it controls. If you take care of your body then your body will take care of you.
If you know there is any weakness in your body that needs help, then you need to do specific exercises, nutritional supplements, meditation, chiropractic adjustments or other natural services to help overcome these weaknesses. The last thing you should subject your body to are drugs that can cause other problems with your liver and kidneys.
The body can take care of itself, if you allow it to do so. You can learn more about the specific systems of the body should you want to know more about a problem area. Try to keep in mind the miracle of the body and how it works.
This is the only body you get and it was created to be perfect and help you all of your life, but you need to take care of it. The “spare parts” are not as good as they are hyped to be, the drugs so many rely on causes more damage, and when you cut things out you will never have the benefit of that natural balance that was created. Accidents are accidents, but you need to be sure you take care of them is a way that restores the body to the best balance and condition you can. So many people wait until their body is falling apart before they make any attempt to take care of it, and many times there has been damage that cannot be corrected. This means it has to be mentioned again… PREVENTION, PREVENTION, PREVENTION!
The availability of high quality resources and most experienced cancer surgeons in India makes chronic leukaemia surgery now possible in India at low risk and at very less cost. The cancer research centers in India are inventing various new surgical techniques for the treatment of cancer. New techniques invented by the cancer research center of India are according to the requirement of the cancer patients so that the cancer operation becomes risk free. The medical treatment centers for cancer surgery in India provide treatment to abroad patients at very less price as compared to the cost of abroad cancer surgery hospitals of abroad. Different cancer treatment centers for cancer surgery in India are at Delhi, Chennai, Calcutta, Hyderabad and Mumbai. Cancer surgeries in India have produced very good success rates of cure of cancer, with cancer surgery in India, the cancer can be cured completely at very low risk as the treatment is provided to patients from most experienced cancer surgeons of India. The advancement of surgical techniques reduces the recovery time after the surgery; patients can start doing their daily routine work within fifteen days after cancer surgery in India. Because of low cost of cancer treatment and availability of experienced surgeons in India, Indian cancer treatment centers becoming more popular in abroad countries, many abroad patients gets attracted to India for low cost cancer treatment in India.
Leukemia literally means ‘many white cells in the blood’. The white cells are part of the body’s immune system, and there are several sub-groups of white cells that have different sorts of roles in recognizing and dealing with ‘invaders’ such as bacteria and viruses as well as other types of foreign protein. All of the blood cells originate in the bone marrow and leukaemia which is also known as blood cancer is a disease where the bone marrow produces large numbers of abnormal white cells. This means that the normal marrow is pushed into smaller and smaller areas. This results in fewer normal cells being produced and gives rise to some of the symptoms. It is possible to have chronic leukemia for months or even years without knowing it. The symptoms are varied, but many people notice different symptoms like tiredness, bruising easily (often without having had any blow or fall), repeated infections, enlarged lymph glands, weight loss, night sweats, fever. These are most common symptoms appear when patient suffers from chronic leukemia. The surgical procedure of chronic leukemia surgery is very complex and it requires an experienced cancer surgeon for the treatment. There are many types of leukemia, each of which is classified according to the exact cell type affected by the disease. Chronic leukemia is a slowly progressive form of leukemia and tends to involve more mature cell types. It may not need treatment immediately, but if treatment is required it is usually chemotherapy, given in the form of tablets. The cause of leukemia is not known. Older people with early stage CLL have a normal life expectancy. Treatment in the form of chemotherapy will be required for those who are unwell or who have many enlarged lymph glands, or who become significantly anaemic. Chemotherapy is usually given in the form of tablets. Other chemotherapy drugs such as fludarabine may be used in late stage disease.
Medical tourism provides very good assistance to abroad patients in provision of best cancer treatment to patients. The ultimate aim of medical tourism in India is the provision of good treatment facilities to abroad patients for which they are coming India. Medical treatment centers for chronic leukemia surgery in India are at Delhi, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Nagpur and Bangalore. Medical tourism in India provides different low cost packages to abroad patients for their treatment in India. Low cost of cancer treatment and availability of most experienced cancer surgeons in India are the other reasons because of which Indian cancer surgery hospitals are becoming center of attraction now day’s. Many abroad patients are getting attracted to India for low cost chronic leukemia surgery cancer treatment in India.



