Archive for the ‘cancer’ Category



The brain is the organ in a person’s skull that controls the functions of all of the other organs. Together, the brain and spine make up the central nervous system. The brain is responsible for the experience of the five senses (taste, touch, sight, hearing and smell). The brain is also the seat of thought, language, personality, creativity and memory. The brain controls movement, sensation, balance, and coordination. In order to do its job, the brain requires an enormous amount of the oxygen and nutrient energy that a person takes in regularly.

The brain is comprised of nerve cells (called neurons) which carry signals, and the cells which support the nerve cells (called glial cells ). There are a number of different types of glial cells, all with different names and functions. The glial cells outnumber the neurons in the brain by a ratio of 10:1

Brain Tumor Symptoms

Depending on the location and size of the tumor, symptoms experienced by each patient may vary. Most of the common symptoms are due to increased intracranial pressure as the growing tumor affects surrounding structures:

* Frequent headaches (reported by 50% of patients)

* Blurry vision

* Nausea and/or vomiting

* Personality or cognitive changes

Other symptoms are site-specific, including seizures, speech impairment, weakness or numbness on one side and problems with coordination, balance or mobility.

Types of Brain Tumors

There are many different types of brain tumors, based on what cells are affected and how they appear under a microscope. Tumors can be classified into four general categories:

1)Gliomas

2)Astrocytoma

3)Grade I (pilocytic astrocytoma): slow growing, with little tendency to infiltrate surrounding brain tissue. Most common in children and adolescents.

4)Grade II (diffuse astrocytoma): fairly slow-growing, with some tendency to infiltrate surrounding brain tissue. Mostly seen in young adults.

5)Grade III (anaplastic/malignant astrocytoma): these tumors grow rather quickly and infiltrate surrounding brain tissue.

6)Grade IV (glioblastoma multiforme, GBM): an extremely aggressive and lethal form of brain cancer. Unfortunately, it is the most common form of brain tumor in adults, accounting for 67% of all astrocytomas.

7)Oligodendroglioma

8)Ependymoma

Tests on your cancer cells

Your breast cancer cells can be tested to see if they have ‘hormone receptors’ or biological therapy receptors. There are oestrogen receptors and progesterone receptors. You may hear your doctor talk about ‘your oestrogen receptor status’, ‘ER status’ or ‘PR status’. Sometimes, doctors may say you are ‘ER positive’ or ‘ER negative’.

Treatment

1)Surgery

When possible, brain tumors are removed through surgery. While many can be removed with little or no damage to the brain, others are located where surgical removal is difficult or impossible without destroying critical parts of the brain.

Brain damage caused by surgery can lead to partial paralysis, changes in sensation (feeling), weakness and poor thinking. Even so, removing a tumor is necessary when it threatens important brain structures. Even when it can’t cure a malignancy, surgery can help reduce the size of the tumor, ease symptoms and help determine the type of tumor

2)Radiation Therapy

3)Chemotherapy



The symptoms of endometriosis and ovarian cancer symptoms have some overlap, which is why some women with endometriosis worry about the risk of developing ovarian cancer. But before you jump to conclusions lets take a look at the symptoms of endometriosis versus ovarian cancer.

During your monthly period, your uterine wall is shed, and appears as bloody discharge. This is actually a remnant of the endometrium, a layer of muscle and blood designed to support an embryo. If the egg your body releases every month is not fertilized, hormones signal your uterus to shed the uterine lining.

For endometriosis sufferers, endometrial tissue similar to the uterus lining is found in areas outside of the uterus. This migrating endometrial tissue adheres to surrounding organs, causing inflammation and scar tissue to form, resulting in you feeling severe pain, usually at the same time as your menstrual cycle.

This rogue endometrial tissue not only effects the organs found in the pelvic cavity, but also can migrate and attach itself to the bladder, bowel, intestines and colon. In rare cases endometrial lesions have been found in the lungs, spine, and brain and on the skin.

Endometriosis, however, is not cancer.

Ovarian cancer, on the other hand, entails the formation of cysts on your ovaries. These cysts are often benign, and can be removed by surgery if they are detected early.

However, if they start moving to other parts of the body, ovarian cancer can become malignant.

Fluctuations or abnormalities in hormonal levels in your body most likely cause both endometriosis and ovarian cancer. According to studies, women with endometriosis are also more likely to develop ovarian cancer in their lifetime.

So, what are the symptoms of endometriosis?

Severe, disabling pain in the abdominal area that gets worse over time can be the first sign of endometriosis.

Other symptoms will include, but are not limited to:

Vomiting

Nausea

abnormal or irregular menstrual cycles, including bleeding or spotting in between periods

painful urination

painful bowel movements

painful sexual intercourse

heavy menstrual periods

back pain during menstruation

infertility or difficulty conceiving.

Compare these to the symptoms of ovarian cancer. Like endometriosis, women with ovarian cancer will experience pain, although this will manifest at first as a sense of heaviness in the pelvic area.

Other signs of ovarian cancer will include:

vaginal bleeding

abnormal or irregular menstrual cycles

progressive but unexplainable back pain

increased weight gain around the abdomen

inexplicable weight gain or loss

vomiting

nausea

bloody stool

loss of appetite

increased urination

excessive or increased hair growth

increased fluids lining the lungs

sometimes even positive readings on pregnancy tests even if the affected woman is not pregnant.

Because the two illnesses are closely linked, the symptoms of endometriosis versus ovarian cancer can overlap. If you suspect that you have endometriosis or ovarian cancer, consult with your physician immediately. Read as much as you can, and do research on your condition, so that you are better informed on the therapy options available to you.



If you have been diagnosed with colon cancer, then your next step is to think about treatment. Treatment options vary and will be determined by the stage of colon cancer and the location of the cancer. Your oncologist will be able to give you the best advice on which treatment option is right for you. This article is going to explain three of the most common treatments for colon cancer. Keep reading to gain a valuable education.

Surgery is a Standard Treatment for Colon Cancer

Surgery to remove all sections of the bowel that has been affected by cancer is a common treatment in all stages of colon cancer. There are three types of surgery that can be used to remove the cancer. They are:

Local excision. This is reserved for cancer that is found in the early stages. The doctor will simply insert a tube into your rectum and advance it into the colon. He will then be able to cut away the cancerous part of the colon. If a polyp is involved, he can remove the polyp this way also. This is a fairly simple surgery and requires no incision. Resection. This is used if the cancer in the colon has become quite large. The surgeon will make an incision into the abdomen and remove part of the colon that is affected by the cancer. He will also remove small sections of healthy tissue that surrounds the diseased section of the bowel. Lymph nodes near the colon may be removed so they can be examined to determine if the cancer has spread. The surgeon will then sew the two healthy ends of the bowel together. Resection and colostomy. Depending on the what part of the colon is affected and how much of the colon is involved, the surgeon may be unable to sew the healthy ends back together. In that case, one end of the bowel will be brought through a hole that is made in the abdomen. This is called a stoma. The patient will then need to wear bag over the stoma because the waste is now being expelled through the stoma. This is called a colostomy. Many people are able to lead normal lives after a colostomy.
Radiation to Treat Colon Cancer

Radiation can be high energy x-rays or other forms of radiation that is used to kill off cancer cells or to keep them from growing. Radiation may be given externally or it may be given internally through needles, seeds or catheters that are placed near the cancer. The way radiation is used is determined by the location and the size of the cancer.

Chemotherapy Treatment for Colon Cancer

Chemotherapy drugs can be used to kill cancer cells or to stop them from spreading. Chemotherapy can be injected through the vein or ingested through the mouth in the form of pills. It can also be injected directly into the area that is affected by the cancer such as the abdomen or the spine.

All of these treatments may be used alone or in combination with each other. A lot of patients that have surgery to remove part of the diseased colon will have chemotherapy or radiation to kill of any traveling cancer cells.

Colon cancer can be cured if caught early enough and contained. Stay in tune to your body and get regular check ups.

Whilst every opportunity has been take to ensure that all information is correct and up to date at time of writing, it is not meant to be used to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Please always consult your doctor or health care specialist if you are in any way concerned about your health.



Four years ago, Seattle researchers identified a protein, known as Human Epididymis Protein 4 (HE4), as being highly effective in distinguishing cancer of the ovary from benign ovarian masses and cysts. Since then additional studies have supported these initial findings, including one just published in the December 2007 edition of the journal Gynecologic Oncology.

The only commercially available test to date, that also detects proteins elaborated by ovarian cancer, is CA-125. It is most useful for following patients with known ovarian cancer, to assess how well patients are responding to treatment and to detect recurrence after treatment. The problem with CA125 as a screening test is that is it very often elevated in the presence of normal ovaries or benign ovarian cysts and tumors. In addition, CA125 is not elevated very often in early cancer of the ovary, when it is still highly curable. These two issues, render it almost useless for screening.

Just like CA125, HE4 protein breaks free from ovarian cancer cells and finds itself into the bloodstream where it can be detected. The HE4 test, which is patented by Japanese based Fujirebio Diagnostics Inc., is inching closer to FDA approval. Because expression of HE4 by normal ovarian tissue or benign ovarian masses is very low, it has far better potential as a screening test than CA125.

The latest study, headed by Dr. RG Moore, showed that HE4 was the single best marker for Stage I, or early, cancer of the ovary. An additional finding in the study was that combining HE4 and CA125 was better. Statistical analysis showed that this combination had a 76.4% sensitivity and 95% specificity, making the combination more accurate than either test alone.

HE4 is not the only bio-marker that is being investigated as an ovarian cancer screening tool. More than 30 others have been evaluated alone and in combination with CA125 by different investigators. Some of the most promising include: mesothelin, M-CSF, osteopontin, kallikrein(s), and soluble EGF receptor. Keep an eye out for all of these in upcoming breaking news. It is highly likely that we will have an effective screening tool combination for the ovarian cancer, widely known as the “silent killer”, within the next two to three years.



Ovarian cancer is the most critical of all ovarian problems because this disease can cause death. It is a cancer that grows within or at the surface of the ovaries and then spreads to other organs of the body if not treated early.

There is at least 45% chance of survival when ovarian cancer is discovered at Stage 3. The possibility is higher if uncovered during the first two stages. This type of ovarian problem has 4 Stages:

Stage 1 – The cancer is inside the ovary or both the ovaries.
Stage 2 – The cancer is on the surface of the ovary or the ovaries and has spread into the pelvic area.
Stage 3 – The cancer has enveloped up to the abdominal cavity into the surface of the liver.
Stage 4- the cancer has spread into all the other parts of the body such as insides of the liver and lungs.

Ovarian cysts occur during ovulation. At best, it is not cancerous and may shrink or dissolve anytime after menstruation, which is approximately 60-90 days. They form when cysts don’t “pop” and continue to grow inside the ovaries causing great discomfort on the abdomen or worst, torsion (twisting) and bleeding.

At times surgery is needed to take out the cysts. There are modern studies that show these can be treated naturally. Drinking rehmannia and cinnamon bark, in tea or a capsule, aids in the shrinking of the cysts.

Ovarian hypofunction or premature ovarian failure is the failure of the ovary to produce hormones. This is one of the things attributed to infertility. This causes genetic abnormalities and autoimmune problems that disturb normal ovarian functions. Estrogen therapy is one of the procedures used in the treatment of this condition.

Ovarian overproduction of male hormones is another type of ovarian problem which causes a woman to develop physical characteristics of a man such as hyperandrogenism and virilization.

Hyperandrogenism occurs when a woman suddenly loses her menstrual period, even if she is not yet menopausal. There is an increase in body hair, like that of a man’s, and femininity diminishes since there is a reduction in breast size and her body shape.

Virilization causes clitoral enlargement. A woman can also experience her voice getting deeper and the formation of extra muscle, as well as, excessive hair growth. Treatment varies depending on what symptoms the person is experiencing.

PCOS arises when there are numerous small cysts inside the ovary and causes a woman to be infertile. These cysts are not hazardous to a woman’s health, however, it creates hormonal disparity. This can be treated without the need for surgery most of the time, because these types of cysts are caused by an imbalance of hormones.

This happens to 1 out of 15 women. Common treatments include regular exercise, proper diet and a weight loss regimen.

Most women will have to deal with one or more of these issues at one point in their lives. Be responsible and schedule regular check-ups with your physician and don’t be afraid to ask questions. Also, be sure to study all options before deciding on a course of treatment.



You have now read Part I of this series on the human body, learning how to build a better understanding and confidence in each of our bodies. Now you will begin to understand that the intelligence that created this body from one cell, the fertilized egg, is still inside doing its job. We tend to think that this intelligence has somehow been lost and is no longer at work.

The body is a collection of systems, each with specific jobs. The lowest of these is the skeletal system that forms the body frame. This frame holds the factory for blood cells, act as an attachment for all muscles, and encases and protects with ribs the vital organs heart and lungs. The skull protects the brain, and the spine protects the spinal cord.

You have other systems with responsibility such as the muscular system that allows for motion of the body, the digestive system that takes nutrients out of the foods we eat to use as fuel, the reproductive system that allows the human body to be reproduced, as well as the endocrine system, renal system, pulmonary system, cardiovascular system, and the nervous system.

The nervous system, you will recall, is the first to develop from the mass of tissues that became you, and comprises the brain and all of the nerves that go out into the body to control, regulate and maintain ALL FUNCTIONS directly or indirectly. (Grey’s Anatomy Medical Text). The body is meant to be healthy and IS healthy as long as everything is functioning as it is suppose to and will only get sick when the normal, natural function of the body is interfered with, which can be sudden as in a trauma, or gradual as in heart disease of the development of cancer, etc.

There are all sorts of medical specialists that take care of your heart (Cardiologist), your bones (Orthopedist), female organs (Gynecologist), or who treat specific diseases like cancer (Oncologist). Then you have non-medical practitioners such as Dentists for your teeth and Podiatrists for your feet and ankles.

Another area of care is Chiropractic, which deals with the spine and, though many look on Chiropractors as back doctors, the specialty deals with the relationship of the nervous system and the balance of the spine in the maintenance and restoration of health, as mentioned earlier, the nervous system is what controls the function of the body and therefore maintains your health when there is no interference due to structural imbalances.

You also have those who try to help the body as Nutritionist, Herbalist, and then the treatment methods that stimulate body function such as in the various techniques in body therapy. From Asia you have acupuncture which uses fine needles to stimulate body function through various points in the body. All of these are available to the informed patient who understands more about how there body is working and the possible conditions that might need attention. Most medical doctors only understand the drugs they give and not other professions, so, referrals to more conservative alternative care are rare.

Now that you have an overview of the body and the areas of care, it must be repeated that it is better to stay healthy than to try to get well. Prevention is always the best approach to health. Prevention in itself can be a little confusing, so we will get to the basics that everyone needs to know. These articles are only meant to get you started, to gather some interest. What you need to do from this point on is to educate yourself and your family. You will need to learn what is available to you and your loved ones through the internet and the many sights offering information. Always look at “opinions” as something everyone has and not always fact. Some opinions are more hype that educational, but I am sure as you read through the material you will discover that for yourself.

Health is the optimum function of the human body. There are several things that can interfere with the body’s function. The most noted is NUTRITION. We all know we need to have good nutrition. Many of us were raised with “eat your vegetables, they’re good for you”, or other such statements. We could write reams of articles, as have already been written, about nutrition and what you should and should not eat. But, for the purpose of these short articles this will not be done. Good nutrition is essential to give the body the “fuel” it needs to operate and to maintain itself.

EXERCISE is the next topic. This is one where people do not do anything (the coach potato) or the fanatic who goes to the gym 7 days a week. There is an old saying that goes back years, “Use it or lose it!”. It is still true today. You need to use the body and keep it active. That does not mean you have to do an hour of workout at the gym, it means that you keep your body active and you use it when you can. If you are inactive and sitting at a computer all the time or someone who is driving all the time (truck driver, bus driver) you are going to have to make the effort to find time to do activities for your body to be healthier.

The more you do the better off your body will be, again I am not saying you have to work out 7 days a week, but you can park a little further away from the mall doors and get more walking in, or take walks after dinner, or enjoy the beach in warm weather, or other physical things. We now have the Wii where you can do exercising in conjunction with your computer. The main thing is to recognize if you are getting enough activity in your life. If you are stiff, if you are overweight, if you are physically weak, you are probably not getting enough.

Other factors for better health are; ENVIRONMENT, REST, POSITIVE MENTAL ATTITUDE, GENETICS, and a BALANCED BODY. Notice that I never mentioned anything about pills, drugs, or such treatment. These are things that should be used only in emergency or as a last result. Again, PREVENTION is the best thing you can do for the body.

To be healthy you need to make sure you are getting the right nutrition and I will let you read many articles on that at your leisure and you need to make sure you are getting the motion in your daily activities. All of this helps the body to work as it was intended. Remember the INNATE intelligence in your body and make sure you are not doing things that interfere with its ability to function as it was designed. You want to make sure you are not abusing the body by forcing it to store more foods (as fat) than it need to be healthy, thus gaining weight that it has to carry around all the time putting stress on your frame and on your various other systems such as your heart.

Since “child obesity” is in the news so much and has been discussed repeatedly in the past several years as this problem became more and more evident, and now with the First Lady Michele Obama taking on the cause, we need to mentions something that is most important. This condition is NOT as disease to be treated medically, but a CHOICE that is made (a bad choice) and what has to be done is to make better choices, by the child and most important by the parents. If your child is mimicking you and you are way over weight as we see so often with heavy set families, there needs to be an all out effort for all effort to make better choices; in what you buy, in what you cook, and in the proportions you serve.

What we are trying to get the reader to understand it the responsibility of taking care of the body so it can do what it is suppose to do and that is to maintain your health. You see… the body maintains its health if you do not interfere with bad nutrition, lack of muscular activity, stress, repetitive traumas, toxic environment, or a body that has been traumatized and is not in balance as it should be, this interfering with the nervous system and the function that it controls. If you take care of your body then your body will take care of you.

If you know there is any weakness in your body that needs help, then you need to do specific exercises, nutritional supplements, meditation, chiropractic adjustments or other natural services to help overcome these weaknesses. The last thing you should subject your body to are drugs that can cause other problems with your liver and kidneys.

The body can take care of itself, if you allow it to do so. You can learn more about the specific systems of the body should you want to know more about a problem area. Try to keep in mind the miracle of the body and how it works.

This is the only body you get and it was created to be perfect and help you all of your life, but you need to take care of it. The “spare parts” are not as good as they are hyped to be, the drugs so many rely on causes more damage, and when you cut things out you will never have the benefit of that natural balance that was created. Accidents are accidents, but you need to be sure you take care of them is a way that restores the body to the best balance and condition you can. So many people wait until their body is falling apart before they make any attempt to take care of it, and many times there has been damage that cannot be corrected. This means it has to be mentioned again… PREVENTION, PREVENTION, PREVENTION!



“Multiple Myeloma” is a Cancer in the bone marrow. It is part of a broad group of diseases called Hematological malignancies. It is a malignancy of the plasma cells. These are the cells that bring out antibodies for the immune system.

It’s called “Multiple Myeloma” because the cells gather in many places in the body and then it grows out of control. “MM” brings extreme pain in the bones and deterioration of the bones. It brings pain in the spine and ribs which usually gets worse with activity. Plus it can and it does cause kidney problems. Persistent localized pain may indicate a pathological bone fracture. It may also be spinal cord compression. The breakdown of bone also leads to release of calcium into the blood, leading to” Hypercalcemia”.

It increases infection, what is then followed by Death! 40,000 Americans suffer from this disease, with close to 14,000 new cases last year. It’s the fastest growing type of cancer, in the USA. It’s most common in the aged person, and gaining in the younger persons. There is NO cure, not yet. Though it is regarded as incurable, remissions can be induced with steroids. Chemo therapy, Stem Cell transplants, and Thalidomide.

“Multiple Myeloma” is not called a “Bone Cancer,” because it begins in the blood cells, and then goes on to effect the bones.

There is no exact known cause, but it does appear to have something to do with the overall environment. Studies are of course ongoing today with the this kind of Cancer. This is known as the Fastest Killer!



How can you appear instantly younger and slimmer? No, we’re not talking about a rejuvenating cream but an exercise that guarantees even more dramatic results. Back extensions trigger the erector spinae group, strengthening the muscles that run the length of your spine so you stand taller and straighter. They also improve mobility in the upper and middle back, reversing a forward slouch. As you lift your chest and gently arch your upper back, you open the front of the shoulders to create an open, confident posture. The total effect is more youthful and slenderizing.

These three exercises provide a progression for mastering the proper form. For all variations, repeat 10-15 times.

Supported Back Extension: If you are not used to bending backward begin with this version, either standing or sitting up straight. To avoid any compression in the low back, lengthen through the spine by lifting the top of the head toward the ceiling before you start to arch.

Place your hands on your buttocks below your waist Take a deep breath and lengthen the torso Exhale and lift the chest up as you pull your elbows toward each other, causing the upper back to arch slightly Release back to center and repeat
Sun Salutation: This is a wonderful exercise to counteract tight, shortened muscles.

My 92-year old client loves this movement. Again, you can stand or sit up straight.

Interlock your thumbs and reach your arms overhead, keeping your ears between your elbows Inhale, lengthen through the spine. Tighten your hips, thighs and buttocks to protect your low back Exhale and reach up and back, maintaining the position of the head between the elbows. Raise your eyes to the ceiling, but do not allow your head to drop back. Release back to center.
Prone Back Extension: Attempt this exercise only if your low back is free of pain. The only sensation you should feel while performing it is the muscles of the low back tightening as they work.

Lie face down on a mat with a folded towel under your forehead to ensure proper alignment of the head and neck with the spine Bend your arms and rest your forearms on the floor, palms down Press your pelvis into the floor and tighten the abdominals to support the low back Lengthen the spine by reaching forward with the top of the head Draw your shoulder blades down and together Exhale as you lift your head and shoulders off the floor without pushing with your arms Keep your nose down Pause at the top, then inhale and slowly return to the start position without resting.

You can easily squeeze in these exercises during the course of your day – at your desk, watching TV or before you go to bed at night. Doing them frequently will help maintain good posture, keep length in the spine and improve your appearance. You’ll look better and feel better!



Cervical cancer, also known as invasive endometrial adenocarcinoma, is one of a woman’s worst nightmares. It is a Cancer that forms in tissues of the cervix (organ connecting the uterus and vagina). It is usually a slow-growing disease that may not have symptoms but can be found with regular Pap tests (a procedure in which cells are scraped from the cervix and looked at under a microscope). The mere thought of it sends shivers down the spine all the way to the smallest toe!

The first stage of this disease may not be exhibiting or causing any symptoms. Moderate pain during intercourse and vaginal may be slightly experienced in this stage. In advanced cervical cancer one may one may go through appetite loss, weight loss, fatigue, pelvic pain, legs and back aches, swelling of legs, heavy vaginal bleeding and leaking of urine or feces from the vaginal.

These cancer work its approach through a different phase, or exist in areas that are measured in stages: in phase I, the cancer raids the cervix under the top stratum of cells. In phase II, it extends past the cervix into close by tissues, to the upper part of the vagina, to the pelvic wall. In phase III, the extending continues to the lower part of the vagina, and may be spreading into the pelvic wall and nearby lymph nodes. And in phase IV, the cancer has extended to the least secluded or secures parts of the body such as the bladder, liver, rectum, lungs and additional organs of the body.

There are a variety of treatments for the cervical cancer; there is surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, vaccine therapy. Cancer can be detected by screening, testing, tumor markers and biopsy procedures. With new technologies as this the rate of deaths has drastically decreased.



Proto-oncogenes are normal genes involved in making cells differentiate and divide. When these genes are mutated, they are then called oncogenes. Proto-oncogenes involved in breast cancer are mostly those that cause more cell division by making the cell cycle go faster and accelerate. They are involved in pushing cell division harder, stronger and faster.

One of the proto-oncogenes is related to the epidermal growth factor receptor. This receptor plays a vital role at certain times of the life cycle, such as puberty, when big changes are going on with body growth, wherein a protein known as epidermal growth factor functions to promote cell growth. This protein binds to an epidermal growth factor receptor and signals the cell to grow. When the proto-oncogene for the receptor is over expressed, it doesn’t wait for the epidermal growth factor receptor to tell it to grow. Instead, cells begin to grow independently, just like getting stuck in the “ON” position.

Another type of epidermal growth factor receptor is a subtype, the epidermal growth factor receptor 2. This receptor is more commonly known as Her-2/neu oncogene. The type of genetic alteration that Her-2/neu has in breast cancer is known as amplification. Instead of having only one copy during cell division, the cell makes numerous copies of this gene, about ten to sixty times more. Either the gene over expression or the extra protein can be measured in a woman’s cancer by examining the cancer tissue that has been resected. Since Her-2/neu oncogene encodes a growth factor receptor, it functions in signaling the cells to grow faster and faster, although it is not involved in cancer invasiveness. About 70 to 80 percent breast precancers have over expression of Her-2/neu oncogene. The cancer cells are still contained within the breast duct, but they have been programmed to grow much faster because of the over expression of such oncogene. Although Her-2/neu oncogene was first identified in breast cancer, research is also being done to see if it is also involved in other cancer types such as lung, pancreas and ovary cancer.

For breast cancer to have an invasive nature, it needs more than one genetic alteration. So long as there’s only over expression of Her-2/neu oncogene, the cancer will remain confined within the breast duct. If it requires other forms of genetic alterations, one that causes cancer cells to move out of the ductal region or make new blood vessels (angiogenesis), then it can spread. If the cancer patient has these invasive cancer alterations and one of the accelerated cancer growths, then it is worse. People with both of these genetic alterations have a worse prognosis than with only one type of alteration alone. Cancer not only requires excessive cancer cell proliferation, it also has to invade, grow new blood vessels and spread from the breast area.

One of the fascinating things that have happened in recent years is that there is now an antibody to counteract the Her-2/neu receptor, which can be given intravenously to breast cancer patients. It has quite a unique mechanism of action. It attaches only to cells with too much Her-2/neu receptor, not the normal ones, so that while it antagonizes Her-2/neu cells, it leaves the other cells unaffected. Unlike chemotherapy, with which case most dividing cells are destroyed, it is a targeted therapy. So far, this treatment has been used only in metastatic breast cancer, but it has implications for disease that hasn’t spread yet.